{"id":109,"date":"2025-01-01T11:20:00","date_gmt":"2025-01-01T11:20:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/tanrikul\/?p=109"},"modified":"2025-03-19T11:32:58","modified_gmt":"2025-03-19T11:32:58","slug":"kuantum-hesaplamada-2024-gercek-dunya-manzarasi-gelismeler-zorluklar-ve-gelecek","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/tanrikul\/2025\/01\/01\/kuantum-hesaplamada-2024-gercek-dunya-manzarasi-gelismeler-zorluklar-ve-gelecek\/","title":{"rendered":"Kuantum Hesaplamada 2024 \u201cGer\u00e7ek D\u00fcnya\u201d Manzaras\u0131: Geli\u015fmeler, Zorluklar ve Gelecek"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Kuantum hesaplama, son y\u0131llarda teoriden prati\u011fe ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u00fcrecinde \u00f6nemli ad\u0131mlar atsa da, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki durumu hem umut vaat eden geli\u015fmeler hem de devam eden zorluklarla \u015fekilleniyor. Bu yaz\u0131da, 2024 itibar\u0131yla kuantum hesaplaman\u0131n ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnyadaki konumunu, kriptografiden m\u00fchendisli\u011fe uzanan etkilerini ve gelecek projeksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131 ele alaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>Kriptografi ve Kuantum Tehdidi<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bankalar, h\u00fck\u00fcmetler ve di\u011fer kurumlar, RSA ve Eliptik E\u011fre Diffie-Hellman gibi klasik kripto sistemlerine g\u00fcveniyor. Bu sistemler, b\u00fcy\u00fck say\u0131lar\u0131n asal \u00e7arpanlara ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n veya ayr\u0131k logaritma hesaplamas\u0131n\u0131n klasik bilgisayarlarda zorlu\u011funa dayan\u0131yor. Ancak 1994&#8217;te Peter Shor, kuantum bilgisayarlar\u0131n bu problemleri polinom zaman\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6zen bir algoritma \u00f6nerdi ([Sho94, Sho97]). Shor&#8217;un algoritmas\u0131, teoride RSA&#8217;y\u0131 ve benzer sistemleri ge\u00e7ersiz k\u0131lma potansiyeline sahip.<\/p>\n<p>2016&#8217;da NSA, 2025 civar\u0131nda Shor algoritmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rabilecek kuantum bilgisayarlar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilece\u011fini ve mevcut \u015fifreleme y\u00f6ntemlerini savunmas\u0131z b\u0131rakabilece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Bu uyar\u0131,\u00a0<strong>kuantum sonras\u0131 kriptografi<\/strong>\u00a0alan\u0131nda yo\u011fun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 tetikledi. Matematik\u00e7iler ve kriptograflar, kuantum sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na diren\u00e7li yeni algoritmalar (\u00f6r. \u00f6rg\u00fcl\u00fc tabanl\u0131 \u015fifreleme, \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fkenli sistemler) geli\u015ftiriyor ([Hen21]).<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Grover Algoritmas\u0131 ve Kuantum \u00dcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Shor&#8217;dan k\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra Lov Grover, yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f veri setlerinde arama yapmay\u0131 klasik algoritmalara k\u0131yasla karek\u00f6k oran\u0131nda h\u0131zland\u0131ran bir kuantum algoritmas\u0131 sundu ([Gro96]). Ancak Grover&#8217;in etkisi, Shor kadar devrimci olmad\u0131. Son 30 y\u0131lda kuantum algoritmalar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli ilerlemeler kaydedilse de (\u00f6r. do\u011frusal denklem \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc [HHL09], varyasyonel kuantum \u00f6z\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcler [AJSP14]), &#8220;oyun de\u011fi\u015ftirici&#8221; bir at\u0131l\u0131m hen\u00fcz ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>2024&#8217;te Kuantum Bilgisayarlar\u0131n Durumu<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>2024 itibar\u0131yla IBM, Google ve di\u011fer \u015firketler, halka a\u00e7\u0131k kuantum bulut hizmetleri sunuyor (\u00f6r. IBM Quantum). Ancak mevcut sistemler\u00a0<strong>NISQ<\/strong>\u00a0(G\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcl\u00fc Orta \u00d6l\u00e7ekli Kuantum) d\u00f6neminde. Bu cihazlar, y\u00fcksek hata oranlar\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 k\u00fcbit say\u0131lar\u0131 nedeniyle Shor algoritmas\u0131n\u0131 pratikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaktan uzak ([KSB+20]). \u00d6rne\u011fin, 2048-bit RSA&#8217;y\u0131 k\u0131rmak i\u00e7in ~20 milyon hatas\u0131z k\u00fcbit gerekiyor; oysa g\u00fcncel sistemlerde yaln\u0131zca y\u00fczlerce k\u00fcbit var ve bunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu hatal\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Ancak NISQ cihazlar\u0131,\u00a0<strong>hataya dayan\u0131kl\u0131 modelleme<\/strong>\u00a0alan\u0131nda umut vaat ediyor. Kimya, malzeme bilimi ve optimizasyon problemlerinde kuantum sim\u00fclasyonlar, klasik y\u00f6ntemlere k\u0131yasla avantaj sa\u011flayabilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, [KEA+23] \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, hata tolerans\u0131 olmadan bile kuantum bilgisayarlar\u0131n belirli karma\u015f\u0131k sistemleri sim\u00fcle edebilece\u011fini g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>Klasik Hesaplamaya Etkileri ve Yeni Paradigmalar<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Kuantum hesaplaman\u0131n zorluklar\u0131, klasik algoritmalar\u0131n geli\u015fimini de h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131yor.\u00a0<strong>Tens\u00f6r a\u011flar\u0131<\/strong>, kuantum devrelerini klasik olarak sim\u00fcle etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131yor ve y\u00fcksek performansl\u0131 hesaplamada yeni teknikler sunuyor ([NLD+23]). Ayr\u0131ca, kuantum bilgi teorisinden esinlenen matris \u00e7arp\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, klasik karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k teorisinde \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7an sonu\u00e7lara yol a\u00e7t\u0131 ([CVZ18, CVZ19]).<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>Gelecek: Ne Beklemeli?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Kriptografik Ge\u00e7i\u015f:<\/strong>\u00a02025-2030 aras\u0131nda kuantum sonras\u0131 algoritmalar\u0131n standartla\u015fmas\u0131 bekleniyor.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hata Tolerans\u0131:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00d6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki on y\u0131lda hata d\u00fczeltme teknikleri (\u00f6r. y\u00fczey kodu) ile pratik kuantum bilgisayarlar m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Uygulama Alanlar\u0131:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0130la\u00e7 tasar\u0131m\u0131, iklim modelleme ve yapay zeka optimizasyonu, kuantum avantaj\u0131ndan erken faydalanacak alanlar aras\u0131nda.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><br \/>\nKuantum hesaplama, hen\u00fcz vaatlerinin tamam\u0131n\u0131 yerine getirmese de, hem teorik hem de pratik alanlarda d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olma yolunda ilerliyor. 2024, bu yolculukta bir kilometre ta\u015f\u0131: teknoloji olgunla\u015f\u0131yor, ancak \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki zorluklar, disiplinleraras\u0131 i\u015f birli\u011fini ve yenilik\u00e7i \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri gerektiriyor.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Referanslar<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>[Sho94] Shor, P. W. (1994). Algorithms for quantum computation: discrete logarithms and factoring.<\/li>\n<li>[Gro96] Grover, L. K. (1996). A fast quantum mechanical algorithm for database search.<\/li>\n<li>[HHL09] Harrow, A. W., Hassidim, A., &amp; Lloyd, S. (2009). Quantum algorithm for linear systems of equations.<\/li>\n<li>[AJSP14] Peruzzo, A. et al. (2014). A variational eigenvalue solver on a photonic quantum processor.<\/li>\n<li>[KEA+23] Kim, Y. et al. (2023). Evidence for the utility of quantum computing before fault tolerance.<\/li>\n<li>[NLD+23] Nguyen, T. et al. (2023). Tensor network quantum virtual machine for simulating quantum circuits.<\/li>\n<li>[CVZ18, CVZ19] Christandl, M. et al. (2018, 2019). Tens\u00f6r a\u011flar\u0131 ve matris \u00e7arp\u0131m\u0131 \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar.<\/li>\n<li>[KSB+20] Klaergaard, M. et al. (2020). Superconducting qubits: Current state of play.<\/li>\n<li>[Hen21] Heninger, N. (2021). RSA, DH and DSA in the wild.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Kuantum hesaplama, son y\u0131llarda teoriden prati\u011fe ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u00fcrecinde \u00f6nemli ad\u0131mlar atsa da, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki durumu hem umut vaat eden geli\u015fmeler hem de devam eden zorluklarla \u015fekilleniyor. Bu yaz\u0131da, 2024 itibar\u0131yla kuantum hesaplaman\u0131n ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnyadaki konumunu, kriptografiden m\u00fchendisli\u011fe uzanan etkilerini ve gelecek projeksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131 ele alaca\u011f\u0131z. Kriptografi ve Kuantum Tehdidi G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bankalar, h\u00fck\u00fcmetler&#8230; <a class=\"continue-reading-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/tanrikul\/2025\/01\/01\/kuantum-hesaplamada-2024-gercek-dunya-manzarasi-gelismeler-zorluklar-ve-gelecek\/\"> Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr; <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1077,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-109","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-kuantum-hesaplama"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/tanrikul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/109","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/tanrikul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/tanrikul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/tanrikul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1077"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/tanrikul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=109"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/tanrikul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/109\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/tanrikul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=109"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/tanrikul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=109"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/tanrikul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=109"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}