{"id":30,"date":"2015-02-01T17:25:19","date_gmt":"2015-02-01T17:25:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/kursat\/?p=30"},"modified":"2015-02-01T17:27:13","modified_gmt":"2015-02-01T17:27:13","slug":"turkiyede-internet-dunu-bugunu-yarini-1996-bolum-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/kursat\/2015\/02\/01\/turkiyede-internet-dunu-bugunu-yarini-1996-bolum-3\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Internet: D\u00fcn\u00fc, Bug\u00fcn\u00fc, Yar\u0131n\u0131 \u2013 1996 (B\u00f6l\u00fcm-3)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kas\u0131m 1996 tarihinde T\u00fcrkiye Internet projesi ile \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131,\u00a0Bili\u015fim Teknolojileri B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc i\u00e7in Attila \u00d6zgit ile beraber ba\u015fvuruda bulunmu\u015ftuk. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da o raporun \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc\u00a0b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u00a0sunulmaktad\u0131r. Raporun devam\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki g\u00fcnlerde eklenecektir. \u00d6zg\u00fcr \u0130nternet\u2019den her g\u00fcn bir ad\u0131m daha uzakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u0130nternet\u2019in T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de nereden nereye geldi\u011fi konusunda o tarihi g\u00fcnleri birinci elden ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f ki\u015filerin yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu rapor tarihe bir not d\u00fc\u015fecektir.<\/p>\n

K\u00fcr\u015fat \u00c7a\u011f\u0131ltay, 1 \u015eubat 2015<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00fcrkiyede Internet \u00d6ncesi Temel \u0130leti\u015fim Altyap\u0131s\u0131 ve Bilgisayar A\u011flar\u0131<\/h1>\n

Bilgi temelli toplum (Information Society) olma yolunda belirleyici olan en \u00f6nemli \u00f6\u011fe o toplumun g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki ileti\u015fim (telecommunications) altyap\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130leti\u015fim, ticari servislerin, mal piyasas\u0131n\u0131n, medyan\u0131n, ula\u015f\u0131m ve turizmin, e\u011fitimin, devlet i\u015fleyi\u015finin k\u0131sacas\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz toplumunda akl\u0131m\u0131za gelen her alan\u0131n ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Ekonomiler bilgi yo\u011fun olmaya ba\u015flad\u0131k\u00e7a istihdam\u0131n %70\u2019inin ileti\u015fim ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131 hesaplanmaktad\u0131r [1]. Modern ileti\u015fim sistemlerine ula\u015fmakta geri kalan \u00fclke ve firmalar\u0131n genel ekonomi i\u00e7inde yer almalar\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fclmemektedir.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz toplumunu son derece derinden etkiliyor olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen ileti\u015fimin stratejik bir yat\u0131r\u0131m alan\u0131 olmas\u0131 asl\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a yenidir. Ancak, 1980\u2019li y\u0131llardan sonra bilgi teknolojileri alan\u0131ndaki h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fme ve talep ile ileti\u015fim, ekonomilerin en y\u00fcksek ba\u015far\u0131ml\u0131 kesimlerinden birisi haline gelmi\u015ftir. 80\u2018li y\u0131llardan \u00f6nce hemen hemen t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerde (bug\u00fcn de halen pek \u00e7ok \u00fclkede) ileti\u015fim servisleri devlet tekeli alt\u0131nda ve di\u011fer klasik servisler (telgraf, mektup vs.) ile beraber sunulmaktayd\u0131. Fakat, bili\u015fim\/enformatik alan\u0131ndaki h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fmeler ileti\u015fim hizmetlerine olan talebin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Geli\u015fmi\u015f ekonomilerde bug\u00fcn s\u0131radan telefon servisleri (\u00f6zellikle yerel boyutta) d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck geli\u015fme g\u00f6sterirken bilgi ileti\u015fimi ve bilgisayara ba\u011fl\u0131 katma de\u011ferli servisler konusunda olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksek bir geli\u015fme e\u011frisi g\u00f6zlenmektedir [2].<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye de bu h\u0131zl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimden etkilenmi\u015f ve hatta say\u0131sal ileti\u015fim altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 di\u011fer \u00fclkelere g\u00f6re ge\u00e7 kurmas\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden olduk\u00e7a yeni teknolojiye sahip olma avantaj\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1985 lerden beri \u00fclke ileti\u015fim konusunda b\u00fcy\u00fck yat\u0131r\u0131mlar yapm\u0131\u015f (Y\u0131ll\u0131k gayri safi milli has\u0131lan\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %1\u2019i ), temel olarak telefon ileti\u015fimi ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck h\u0131zl\u0131 say\u0131sal veri ileti\u015fimi i\u00e7in kurulan a\u011f \u00fclkenin hemen hemen t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kapsam\u0131\u015f ve digital altyap\u0131 oran\u0131nda pek \u00e7ok OECD \u00fclkesinin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de say\u0131sal ileti\u015fime ge\u00e7ilmesi karar\u0131 askeri y\u00f6netimin atad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Meclisten g\u00fcvenoyu alan B\u00fclent Ulusu h\u00fck\u00fcmetince al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. PTT, 1982 y\u0131l\u0131nda say\u0131salla\u015fmaya ge\u00e7i\u015f i\u00e7in \u201c1983-1993 Haberle\u015fme Ana Plan\u0131\u201d n\u0131 haz\u0131rlamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve 1983 y\u0131l\u0131nda rapor devletin ilgili birimlerine sunulmu\u015ftur. Raporda, yurti\u00e7i haberle\u015fme ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131m\u0131z a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan say\u0131sal teknolojinin zorunlu hale geldi\u011fi, ileti\u015fimin ulusal kalk\u0131nmaya do\u011frudan ya da dolayl\u0131 katk\u0131da bulunaca\u011f\u0131, ulusal g\u00fcvenlik ve savunma a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fu vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, olu\u015fturulacak ileti\u015fim ortam\u0131n\u0131n refah\u0131n kitlelere yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda ve b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlere ak\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131nda etkili olaca\u011f\u0131 da savunulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sunulan bu rapor sonras\u0131nda ba\u015flat\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ile ileti\u015fim altyap\u0131s\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir patlama ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1983 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki 290 milyon ABD dolar\u0131 olan yat\u0131r\u0131m miktar\u0131 1990 y\u0131l\u0131nda 815 milyon dolara ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Telefon abonesi say\u0131s\u0131 1983 y\u0131l\u0131nda 1.5 milyon iken bu rakam 1993 y\u0131l\u0131nda 12 milyonu a\u015fm\u0131\u015f, telefonu olmayan k\u00f6y say\u0131s\u0131 26,000 den s\u0131f\u0131ra d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 1993 y\u0131l\u0131nda telefon yo\u011funlu\u011fu %16\u2019y\u0131 a\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerde %2.6, d\u00fcnya ortalamas\u0131 %12.7, Avrupa Toplulu\u011fu %52\u2019dir).<\/p>\n

OECD \u00fclkelerindeki PTT\u2019ler ortalama olarak gelirlerinin %25\u2019ini yat\u0131r\u0131ma ay\u0131r\u0131rken, T\u00fcrk PTT\u2019si gelirinin %80\u2019e yak\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc yat\u0131r\u0131ma harcam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r [3]. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn klasik s\u00f6ylemi olan \u201c\u00e7a\u011f atlamak\u201d <\/em>s\u00f6z\u00fc de ilk defa bu d\u00f6nemde bir say\u0131sal y\u00f6nlendiricinin a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131nda s\u00f6ylenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Burada dikkat edilmesi gereken \u00f6nemli bir nokta da \u015fudur: o d\u00f6nemde g\u00f6reli olarak \u00f6nemli bir at\u0131l\u0131m yap\u0131l\u0131yor olmakla birlikte, gerek yap\u0131lan yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 arenada ya\u015fanan teknolojik geli\u015fme h\u0131z\u0131na yeti\u015fememesi, gerekse de 1980\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n sonlar\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n durma noktas\u0131na gelmesi bug\u00fcn bizi ulusal ileti\u015fim altyap\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 tekrar sorgulanma noktas\u0131na getirmi\u015ftir. OECD\u2019nin 1995 y\u0131l\u0131 yay\u0131nlar\u0131nda TT\u2019un \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6zellikleri OECD\u2019nin en arka s\u0131ralar\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r [5].<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de genel ama\u00e7l\u0131 bilgisayar a\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n kurulu\u015fu ise EARN (European Academic and Research Network)\u2019e yap\u0131lan ba\u011flant\u0131 ile ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bilindi\u011fi gibi EARN, kendi kurucu \u00fcyeleri taraf\u0131ndan 1984 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r [6]. T\u00fcrkiye \u00fcniversitelerinin bu a\u011fa ba\u011flanma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ise 1986 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ege \u00dcniversitesinden Prof. Dr. O\u011fuz Manas ve ekibinin \u00e7abalar\u0131 ile ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ama\u00e7la kurulan T\u00dcVAKA (T\u00fcrkiye \u00dcniversite ve Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumlar\u0131 A\u011f\u0131) y\u00f6netim kurulu EARN\u2019\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki etkinlikleri, a\u011f topolojisi gibi konularda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. T\u00dcVAKA y\u00f6netim kurulu a\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00fcniversitelerin Bilgisayar Merkezi temsilcilerinden olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca, 1987 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00dcVAKA\u2019n\u0131n teknik d\u00fczeyde ileti\u015fimini sa\u011flamak, sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmek amac\u0131 ile bir teknik alt komisyon olu\u015fturulmu\u015f ve \u00fcniversiteler aras\u0131 kaynak payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, teknik destek ve y\u00f6netim kurulunun ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kararlar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek gibi g\u00f6revleri s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

EARN a\u011f\u0131na ilk \u00f6nce Aral\u0131k 1986 tarihinde Ege \u00fcniversitesi ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f, daha sonra da 1987 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7inde s\u0131ras\u0131 ile Anadolu, Y\u0131ld\u0131z, Istanbul Teknik, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i, F\u0131rat, Orta Do\u011fu Teknik, Bilkent ve Istanbul \u00fcniversitelerinin ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

EARN a\u011f\u0131na yap\u0131lan 9600 bps h\u0131z\u0131ndaki uluslararas\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131 \u00f6nce Italya \u00fczerinden ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f bu ba\u011flant\u0131 daha sonra EARN taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan topolojik d\u00fczenleme gere\u011fi Fransa\u2019ya al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00dcVAKA’n\u0131n 1986-1993 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda geli\u015ferek olu\u015fan a\u011f topolojisi 1993 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7izim-4’te g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi \u015fekilde yap\u0131lanmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"TUVAKA\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00c7izim 4. T\u00dcVAKA Topolojisi (1993)<\/p>\n

EARN a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ileti\u015fiminde kullan\u0131lan IBM firmas\u0131n\u0131n RSCS (Remote Spooling and Communication Subsystem) yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k bir yaz\u0131l\u0131m olmamas\u0131 ve sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 imkanlar\u0131n \u00e7ok k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 olmas\u0131 nedenleri ile bir s\u00fcre sonra yetersiz kalmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, uluslararas\u0131 hatt\u0131n kapasitesinin artan kullan\u0131m nedeni ile talebe cevap veremez duruma gelmesi de ciddi sorunlar yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r [10]. Sonu\u00e7ta bir sonraki b\u00f6l\u00fcmde anlat\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gibi T\u00fcrkiye Internet Projesi ya\u015fama ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f ve o g\u00fcnler i\u00e7in olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksek say\u0131lacak h\u0131zda bir ba\u011flant\u0131 ile T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Internet a\u011f\u0131na ba\u011flanmas\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Akademik d\u00fcnyadaki bu geli\u015fmelerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra di\u011fer \u00f6nemli bilgisayar a\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da bankalar aras\u0131nda olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. 1980\u2019li y\u0131llardan itibaren bankalar \u015fubeleri ile olan ili\u015fkilerini daha h\u0131zl\u0131 ve sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak yapabilmek amac\u0131 ile \u015fube otomasyonunu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir. \u015eubeler ile banka merkezleri aras\u0131ndaki ileti\u015fimin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in olu\u015fturulan y\u0131ld\u0131z tipi a\u011flarda modemler ve ileti\u015fim hatlar\u0131 kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar sonucu ekonomiye b\u00fcy\u00fck bir canl\u0131l\u0131k gelmi\u015ftir. Ancak do\u011fal olarak bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar Akademik d\u00fcnyadaki gibi genel kullan\u0131ma y\u00f6nelik de\u011fil bankalar\u0131n ticari i\u015flemleri i\u00e7in yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kas\u0131m 1996 tarihinde T\u00fcrkiye Internet projesi ile \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131,\u00a0Bili\u015fim Teknolojileri B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc i\u00e7in Attila \u00d6zgit ile beraber ba\u015fvuruda bulunmu\u015ftuk. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da o raporun \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc\u00a0b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u00a0sunulmaktad\u0131r. Raporun devam\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki g\u00fcnlerde eklenecektir. \u00d6zg\u00fcr \u0130nternet\u2019den her g\u00fcn bir ad\u0131m daha uzakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u0130nternet\u2019in T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de nereden nereye geldi\u011fi konusunda o tarihi g\u00fcnleri birinci elden ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f ki\u015filerin… Continue reading → <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":587,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/kursat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/kursat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/kursat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/kursat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/587"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/kursat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/kursat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/kursat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/kursat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/kursat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}