{"id":62,"date":"2015-11-03T18:59:27","date_gmt":"2015-11-03T15:59:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/etaymaz\/?p=62"},"modified":"2016-11-10T00:25:25","modified_gmt":"2016-11-09T21:25:25","slug":"uluslararasi-uretim-zincirlerinde-donusum-ve-turkiyenin-konumu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/etaymaz\/uluslararasi-uretim-zincirlerinde-donusum-ve-turkiyenin-konumu\/","title":{"rendered":"Uluslararas\u0131 \u00fcretim zincirlerinde d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ve T\u00fcrkiye konumu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Erol Taymaz<\/a>, Ebru Voyvoda<\/a> ve Kamil Y\u0131lmaz<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisi 2001’de ya\u015fanan finansal krizden sonra h\u0131zl\u0131 bir b\u00fcy\u00fcme s\u00fcrecine girdi. 2002-2007 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen y\u00fcksek b\u00fcy\u00fcme h\u0131zlar\u0131, ekonominin uzun d\u00f6nemli s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir b\u00fcy\u00fcmesine ili\u015fkin tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da g\u00fcndeme getirdi. T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisinin uzun d\u00f6nemde h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcme h\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131 koruyabilmesi, i\u00e7inde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 ekonomi ile ili\u015fkilerine, bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle uluslararas\u0131 ekonomiye eklemlenme tarz\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, se\u00e7ilmi\u015f \u00fcr\u00fcnler i\u00e7in uluslararas\u0131 \u00fcretim zincirlerinde d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u00fcre\u00e7leri analiz edilmi\u015f ve bu zincirlerde T\u00fcrkiye’nin konumu incelenerek T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisinin uluslararas\u0131 ekonomi ile eklemlenme tarz\u0131 ortaya konulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisinin yak\u0131n d\u00f6nemdeki ekonomik performas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirebilmek ve uzun d\u00f6nemde h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcyebilmesinin ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 anlayabilmek i\u00e7in tarihsel ve kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara gereksinim bulunmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisinin son 60 y\u0131ll\u0131k performans\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesi bu a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nemli bilgiler sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u015eekil 1.1. T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisinde b\u00fcy\u00fcme oranlar\u0131, 1950-2009<\/strong>
\n(y\u0131ll\u0131k GSY\u0130H b\u00fcy\u00fcme h\u0131zlar\u0131, 5-y\u0131ll\u0131k hareketli ortalamalar)<\/p>\n

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T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisinin 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan sonraki b\u00fcy\u00fcme performans\u0131 \u015eekil 1.1’de \u00f6zetlenmi\u015ftir. Son 60 y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6nemde T\u00fcrkiye’nin b\u00fcy\u00fcme h\u0131z\u0131 genel olarak %4-6 band\u0131 aras\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (1950-2010 ortalamas\u0131 %4.8). 1950’lerin ba\u015flar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen y\u00fcksek b\u00fcy\u00fcme h\u0131zlar\u0131 korunamam\u0131\u015f, 1950’lerin ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren b\u00fcy\u00fcme h\u0131zlar\u0131nda k\u0131sm\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fler ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1960’dan sonraki “planl\u0131 kalk\u0131nma” ve “ithal ikameci sanayile\u015fme” d\u00f6nemlerinde g\u00f6reli olarak y\u00fcksek b\u00fcy\u00fcme oranlar\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f (1960-1976 ortalamas\u0131 %5.6), fakat bu d\u00f6nem \u00f6zellikle \u00f6demeler dengesi sorunlar\u0131 ile t\u0131kanm\u0131\u015f ve 1979-1980 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ekonomi daralm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1980 Krizi’nden sonra ekonomi politikalar\u0131nda da k\u00f6kl\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fikliklere gidilmi\u015f, ekonomi h\u0131zla d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1980’lerin ba\u015flar\u0131nda, ihracat art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n da etkisi ile b\u00fcy\u00fcme h\u0131zlar\u0131nda bir art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6zlenmi\u015f, fakat 1990’l\u0131 y\u0131llarda artan kamu bo\u00e7 y\u00fck\u00fc ve sermaye piyasalar\u0131n\u0131n liberalle\u015fmesi ile birlikte makroekonomik istikrars\u0131zl\u0131k artm\u0131\u015f, b\u00fcy\u00fcme h\u0131zlar\u0131nda \u015fiddetli dalgalanmalar ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Artan istikrars\u0131zl\u0131k sonucu 2001 y\u0131l\u0131nda Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminin en b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomik krizi ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2001 Krizi’nden sonra ekonomi h\u0131zla toparlanm\u0131\u015f ve y\u00fcksek b\u00fcy\u00fcme h\u0131zlar\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat bu y\u00fcksek b\u00fcy\u00fcme h\u0131zlar\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisinin son 60 y\u0131ll\u0131k performans\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, b\u00fcy\u00fcme d\u00f6ng\u00fclerinden daha farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemektedir. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcme rejiminde k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm g\u00f6zlenmemektedir.<\/p>\n

\u015eekil 1.2. Ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na GSY\u0130H’n\u0131n geli\u015fimi, 1970-2009<\/strong>
\n(2000 sabit fiyatlar\u0131yla, dolar)<\/p>\n

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T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisinin (2001-sonras\u0131) yak\u0131n d\u00f6nemdeki ekonomik performans\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirebilmek i\u00e7in uluslararas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereklidir. Bu kapsamda ABD’ye oranla T\u00fcrkiye’deki ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na GSY\u0130H’nin geli\u015fimi izlenmi\u015ftir (bkz. \u015eekil 1.2). Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma amac\u0131yla, 1970’lerde T\u00fcrkiye ile ayn\u0131 konumda olan iki \u00fclke, Brezilya ve Kore ile, iki geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclke, \u00c7in ve Malezya verileri de incelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye’de ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na GSY\u0130H (2000 fiyatlar\u0131yla) 1970’lerin ba\u015flar\u0131nda ABD’nin yakla\u015f\u0131k %11-12 d\u00fczeyindeydi. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Brezilya ve Kore de benzer bir gelire sahipken, Malezya’n\u0131n geliri ABD’nin %6’s\u0131, \u00c7in’in geliri ise sadece %1’i d\u00fczeyindeydi. Bu \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda Kore s\u00fcrekli olarak y\u00fcksek bir b\u00fcy\u00fcme performans\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015f ve g\u00f6reli gelir d\u00fczeyini 40 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde 4 kat artt\u0131rabilmi\u015ftir. \u00d6zellikle 1980’lerden sonra \u00e7ok iyi bir performans g\u00f6steren \u00c7in, 1970-2009 d\u00f6neminde g\u00f6reli gelirini yakla\u015f\u0131k 9 kat artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcme oranlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n \u00c7in’in 1970’lerdeki ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na GSY\u0130H’s\u0131 \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ABD ile aras\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fck fark hala devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye ve Brezilya benzer bir geli\u015fme e\u011filimi g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Bu iki \u00fclke, ABD ile aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131 son 40 y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6nemde hi\u00e7 kapatamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcm d\u00f6nem boyunca her iki \u00fclkede ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na GSY\u0130H, ABD’nin %10-15’i d\u00fczeyinde olmu\u015ftur. Bu durum, T\u00fcrkiye’nin k\u0131sa d\u00f6nemli y\u00fcksek b\u00fcy\u00fcme h\u0131zlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, uzun d\u00f6nemde s\u00fcrekli bir b\u00fcy\u00fcme performans\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiremedi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye’nin uzun d\u00f6nemde ABD ile aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131 kapatmaya y\u00f6nelik bir b\u00fcy\u00fcme performans\u0131 g\u00f6sterememesinin pek \u00e7ok nedeni bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenlerden \u00f6nemli bir tanesi gittik\u00e7e d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lan ekonominin uluslararas\u0131 ekonomi ile eklemlenme tarz\u0131d\u0131r. Uluslararas\u0131 ekonomiye eklemlenme tarz\u0131n\u0131n bir g\u00f6stergesi d\u0131\u015f ticaretteki uzmanla\u015fma yap\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, bu konuda genel durumu g\u00f6rmek amac\u0131yla, T\u00fcrkiye’nin d\u0131\u015f ticaret yap\u0131s\u0131na bak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (bkz \u015eekil 1.3 ve 1.4).<\/p>\n

\u015eekil 1.3. T\u00fcrkiye’nin ihracat yap\u0131s\u0131, 1970-2009<\/strong>
\n(3-y\u0131ll\u0131k hareketli ortalama<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u015eekil 1.4. T\u00fcrkiye’nin ithalat yap\u0131s\u0131, 1970-2009<\/strong>
\n(3-y\u0131ll\u0131k hareketli ortalama)<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

1970’den g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze T\u00fcrkiye’nin uluslararas\u0131 ekonomiye eklemlenme tarz\u0131, d\u0131\u015f ticaret yap\u0131s\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7 d\u00f6neme ayr\u0131labilir. 1970’lerdeki ilk d\u00f6nemde T\u00fcrkiye’nin en \u00f6nemli ihra\u00e7 \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc, b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 i\u015flenmemi\u015f tar\u0131msal \u00fcr\u00fclerden olu\u015fan g\u0131da ve i\u00e7ecek \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinden olu\u015fuyordu. \u0130thalatta ise makina ana \u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fc. Bu yap\u0131s\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye tipik bir “azgeli\u015fmi\u015f” \u00fclke g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcndeydi. 1980’lerdeki ihracat art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde tekstil ve haz\u0131r giyime dayal\u0131 olmas\u0131 sonucu, 1980’lerden 1990’lar\u0131n ortalar\u0131na kadar bu sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn ihracat i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 h\u0131zla artm\u0131\u015f ve tekstil ve haz\u0131r giyim T\u00fcrkiye’nin en \u00f6nemli ihra\u00e7 \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc haline gelmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6nemde ithalat\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131nda k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ya\u015fanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1990’lar\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar devam eden \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u00f6nemde, ihracat i\u00e7erisinde g\u0131da ve i\u00e7ecek pay\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmeye devam etti\u011fini ve en \u00f6nemli ihra\u00e7 \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olan tekstil ve haz\u0131r giyimin pay\u0131n\u0131n da art\u0131k d\u00fc\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Bu \u00fcr\u00fcnler yerine 1990’lar\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren makina, otomotiv (motorlu kara ta\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131) ve haberle\u015fme cihazlar\u0131n\u0131n pay\u0131 h\u0131zla artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Haberle\u015fme cihazlar\u0131 ihracat\u0131nda ise en \u00f6nemli \u00fcr\u00fcn t\u00fcpl\u00fc televizyon olmu\u015ftur. T\u00fcrkiye televizyon \u00fcretiminde LCD ve plazma ekran teknolojisine zaman\u0131nda ge\u00e7emedi\u011fi i\u00e7in bu sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn ihracat pay\u0131 2000’lerin ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren d\u00fc\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1990’lar\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren ithalat\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen en \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fim makina pay\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131 ve \u00e7e\u015fitli t\u00fcketim maddeleri ve ara mallar\u0131n pay\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

D\u0131\u015f ticaret yap\u0131s\u0131na ili\u015fkin verileri, T\u00fcrkiye’nin uluslararas\u0131 ekonomi ile eklemlenme bi\u00e7iminin zaman i\u00e7erisinde de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini, 1970’lerdeki tar\u0131msal \u00fcr\u00fcn a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 ihracat yap\u0131s\u0131ndan, 1980’lerde tekstil ve haz\u0131r giyim gibi emek-yo\u011fun sekt\u00f6rlerde uzmanla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, 1990’lar\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren ise uzmanla\u015fman\u0131n orta-teknoloji olarak tan\u0131mlanabilecek makina ve otomotiv gibi \u00fcr\u00fcnlere y\u00f6neldi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme ra\u011fmen, uluslararas\u0131 ekonomi i\u00e7erisindeki g\u00f6reli konumda bir iyile\u015fme sa\u011flanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu k\u0131smi ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n iki nedeni olabilir: \u00d6ncelikle d\u0131\u015f ticaretde uzmanla\u015f\u0131lan \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin d\u00f6nemin katma de\u011feri y\u00fcksek \u00fcr\u00fcnleri olmamas\u0131 g\u00f6reli konumun de\u011fi\u015fmemesine yol a\u00e7abilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeler katma de\u011feri daha yeni y\u00fcksek \u00fcr\u00fcnleri geli\u015ftirir ve bu \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin \u00fcretiminde uzmanla\u015f\u0131rken, T\u00fcrkiye gibi \u00fclkelerin teknolojisi standartla\u015fm\u0131\u015f, ancak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyet temelinde rekabet\u00e7i olunabilecek \u00fcr\u00fcnlerde uzmanla\u015fmas\u0131, d\u0131\u015f ticaret yap\u0131s\u0131nda yap\u0131sal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesine kar\u015f\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 ekonomideki g\u00f6reli konumun de\u011fi\u015fmemesine neden olacakt\u0131r. \u0130kinci olarak, ulusal ekonomilerin daha fazla b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmesi sonucu \u00fcretim zincirlerinin farkl\u0131 a\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelere ta\u015f\u0131nabilmesi sonucu, \u00fcretilen \u00fcr\u00fcnlerden \u00e7ok, hangi \u00fcretim a\u015famalar\u0131nda uzmanla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nem kazanmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin otomotiv katma de\u011feri y\u00fcksek bir \u00fcr\u00fcn olsa da, otomotiv \u00fcretiminin farkl\u0131 a\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131n katma de\u011fer yo\u011funlu\u011fu farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Otomotiv ihracat pay\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131, \u00fcr\u00fcn veya sekt\u00f6rel d\u00fczeyde bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda olumlu bir geli\u015fme olarak g\u00f6z\u00fcnmekle birlikte, bu uzmanla\u015fma otomotivin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck katma de\u011ferli \u00fcretim a\u015famalar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyorsa, \u00fclkenin uluslararas\u0131 i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcndeki konumu de\u011fi\u015fmeyecektir. Bu nedenle, uzun d\u00f6nemli ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcme s\u00fcreci a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan uluslararas\u0131 ekonomiye eklemlenme tarz\u0131n\u0131n katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in, uluslararas\u0131 \u00fcretim zincirlerinin ve bu \u00fcretim zincirlerinde \u00fclkelerin ald\u0131klar\u0131 konumlar\u0131n de\u011ferlendirilmesi gereklidir. Bu kapsamda bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, be\u015f \u00f6nemli \u00fcr\u00fcn grubunda uluslararas\u0131 \u00fcretim zincirlerinde son 15 y\u0131lda g\u00f6r\u00fclen d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ve T\u00fcrkiye’nin konumu kapsaml\u0131 olarak incelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma yedi b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bu giri\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra, 2. B\u00f6l\u00fcm’de k\u00fcresel i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde son 10 y\u0131lda g\u00f6zlenen de\u011fi\u015fimler (d\u0131\u015f ticaret yap\u0131s\u0131 ve k\u00fcresel sermaye hareketleri kapsam\u0131nda) incelenmi\u015ftir. 3. B\u00f6l\u00fcm’de T\u00fcrkiye’nin d\u0131\u015f ticaret yap\u0131s\u0131nda g\u00f6zlemlenen de\u011fi\u015fimler ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu kapsamda \u00f6ncelikle 1980-sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde makroekonomik durum ve d\u0131\u015f ticaret politikalar\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015f, daha sonra \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine g\u00f6re d\u0131\u015f ticaretteki geli\u015fmeler kapsaml\u0131 olarak analiz edilmi\u015ftir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n 4. B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc’nde T\u00fcrkiye’ye y\u00f6nelik do\u011frudan yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n d\u00fczeyi ve sekt\u00f6rel da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 5. B\u00f6l\u00fcm’de, uluslararas\u0131 \u00fcretim zincirleri tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f, se\u00e7ilen \u00fcretim zincirlerinin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi ve T\u00fcrkiye’nin konumu incelenmi\u015ftir. 6. B\u00f6l\u00fcm’de \u00fcretim zincirlerinin k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc, \u00fcretim a\u011flar\u0131 grafikleri de kullan\u0131larak detayl\u0131 olarak analiz edilmi\u015f, \u00fcretim zincirlerinin farkl\u0131 a\u015famalar\u0131nda y\u00fckselen ve gerileyen \u00fclke gruplar\u0131 belirlenmi\u015ftir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in politika se\u00e7enekleri son b\u00f6l\u00fcmde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\n

AN\u0130MASYONLAR
\n\u00dcretim Zincirleri ve \u00dcr\u00fcn Tan\u0131mlar\u0131<\/h2>\n

Ula\u015f\u0131m ve haberle\u015fme teknolojilerindeki geli\u015fmeler, \u00fcretim zincirlerinin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131n\u0131 ve farkl\u0131 par\u00e7alar\u0131n daha k\u00e2rl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelere ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 sonucu belirli bir nihai \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in gerekli \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7leri farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde\/\u00fclkelerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmektedir. \u00dcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 ve uluslararas\u0131 bir nitelik kazanmas\u0131, farkl\u0131 kurumsal yakla\u015f\u0131mlar taraf\u0131ndan uluslararas\u0131\/k\u00fcresel \u00fcretim\/meta\/de\u011fer zinciri\/a\u011f\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r.1 Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada kullan\u0131lan y\u00f6ntem \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinin farkl\u0131 a\u015famalar\u0131nda elde edilen \u00fcr\u00fcnlerdeki uluslararas\u0131 ticaretinin incelenmesine dayal\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, bu s\u00fcreci tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in “uluslararas\u0131 \u00fcretim zinciri” kavram\u0131 tercih edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Herhangi bir nihai mal\u0131n \u00fcretim zinciri d\u00f6rt ana s\u00fcrece ayr\u0131labilir: hammadde \u00fcretimi, standart par\u00e7a\/girdi \u00fcretimi, ana par\u00e7a\/aksam \u00fcretimi ve nihai \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fcretimi. \u00d6zellikle ana par\u00e7a\/aksam ve nihai \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00fcretiminde, genellikle o \u00fcr\u00fcne \u00f6zg\u00fc makina ve te\u00e7hizat kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00dcretim zincirinde, hammadde ve standart par\u00e7a ve girdiler, nihai \u00fcr\u00fcne \u00f6zg\u00fc olmayabilece\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00fcretim zincirleri i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7ebilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisi ve ihracat\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli g\u00f6r\u00fclen be\u015f \u00fcr\u00fcn se\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir: motorlu kara ta\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131, televizyon, tekstil ve haz\u0131r giyim, g\u0131da ve makina. Televizyon olduk\u00e7a homojen bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc temsil ederken, tekstil\/giyim, g\u0131da ve makina \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fcr\u00fcnlerden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. \u00dcretim zincirinin farkl\u0131 a\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131 temsil eden \u00fcr\u00fcnler 1992 HS s\u0131n\u0131flamas\u0131na g\u00f6re 6-hane d\u00fczeyinde tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Motorlu kara ta\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131<\/b>nda nihai \u00fcr\u00fcnler, otomobil, kamyon, otob\u00fcs ve trakt\u00f6rd\u00fcr. Bu \u00fcretim zincirinde ana par\u00e7a\/aksam motor olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Standart par\u00e7alar, kara ta\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131na \u00f6zg\u00fc par\u00e7alar (lastik, amortis\u00f6r, fren aksam\u0131, radyat\u00f6r, debriyaj vb) ve di\u011fer par\u00e7alar (rulman, kasnak, dinamo, vb) olarak iki gruba ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kara ta\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli hammadde kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada motorlu kara ta\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131 hammaddesi olarak sadece paslanmaz yass\u0131 \u00e7elik kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kara ta\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131 imalat\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan makina ve te\u00e7hizat i\u00e7in tak\u0131m tezgahlar\u0131 (metal kesen: metal i\u015fleme merkezleri, torna, freze, matkap, vargel, vb; metal \u015fekillendiren: pres, d\u00f6vme tezgah\u0131, vb) tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Televizyon<\/b> \u00fcr\u00fcn grubu televizyon ve radyo nihai \u00fcr\u00fcnlerindne olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bu \u00fcretim zincirinin ana par\u00e7as\u0131 katot resim t\u00fcpleri (CRT) ve standart par\u00e7as\u0131 elektronik bile\u015fenlerden (kondansat\u00f6r, rezistan, bask\u0131 devre, vb) olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Televizyon i\u00e7in hammadde olarak ABS, polikarbonat ve poliamid gibi plastikler, makina ve te\u00e7hizat i\u00e7in plastik enjeksiyon makinalar\u0131 kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tekstil ve giyim e\u015fyas\u0131<\/b> \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, \u00f6nce kullan\u0131lan hammaddeye g\u00f6re pamuklu, y\u00fcnl\u00fc, sentetik ve di\u011fer (ipekli, keten, vb) olarak d\u00f6rt gruba ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nihai \u00fcr\u00fcnler, haz\u0131r giyim (tak\u0131m elbise, palto, ceket, pantolon, vb), pijama\/t-shirt (pijama, t-shirt, i\u00e7 \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131r\u0131, eldiven, vb), \u00e7ar\u015faf (\u00e7ar\u015faf, masa \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc, perde, vb) ve hal\u0131 (hal\u0131, kilim, vb) olarak d\u00f6rt alt-gruptan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Tekstil\/giyim i\u00e7in “ana par\u00e7a” dokuma\/\u00f6rg\u00fc kuma\u015f, “standart par\u00e7a” iplik, “hammadde” pamuk, y\u00fcn, polyester vb sentetik malzemeler ve di\u011fer hammaddeler (ipek, keten, vb) ve “makina\/te\u00e7hizat” tekstil makinalar\u0131ndan (lif e\u011firme\/katlama\/b\u00fckme makinalar\u0131, dokuma makinalar\u0131, \u00f6rg\u00fc tezgahlar\u0131, y\u0131kama\/a\u011fartma\/boyama makinalar\u0131, vb) olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcnleri<\/b> zincirinde nihai g\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcnleri (“haz\u0131r g\u0131da”), et\/bal\u0131k, konserve, \u015fekerleme, \u00e7ikolata, i\u00e7ecekler, un \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, at\u0131k \u00fcr\u00fcnler ve di\u011fer g\u0131dalar olarak sekiz alt-gruptan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. G\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinde ana girdi ve standart girdi aras\u0131nda bir ayr\u0131ma gidilmemi\u015ftir. G\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinde girdiler (“i\u015flenmi\u015f g\u0131da”) \u015feker, kakao, s\u00fct tozu, un, dondurulmu\u015f \u00fcr\u00fcnler, \u00e7ay, alkol, sirke, k\u00fcspe ve at\u0131ktan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Et\/bal\u0131k, sebze, meyve, \u015feker pancar\u0131, kahve, soya, kakao (tane), mineral su, s\u00fct, bu\u011fday ve benzeri \u00fcr\u00fcnler g\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin hammaddeleri olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Makina ve te\u00e7hizat ise kurutucu, \u0131s\u0131t\u0131c\u0131, f\u0131r\u0131n, paketleme\/ambalajlama makinas\u0131 gibi g\u0131da makinalar\u0131ndan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bu sekt\u00f6rde sebze ve meyve gibi pek \u00e7ok \u00fcr\u00fcn hem nihai \u00fcr\u00fcn, hem de hammadde olarak kullan\u0131labilmektedir. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin i\u015flenme d\u00fczeyleri g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131narak konserve, re\u00e7el, j\u00f6le, meyve suyu gibi \u00fcr\u00fcnler “nihai \u00fcr\u00fcn” (haz\u0131r g\u0131da), meyvelerin un ve k\u00fcspeleri, dondurulmu\u015f meyveler “ara mal” (i\u015flenmi\u015f g\u0131da) ve taze veya kurutulmu\u015f meyveler “hammadde” olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Makinalar<\/b>, dayan\u0131kl\u0131 t\u00fcketim mal\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lan makinalar (buzdolab\u0131, dondurucu, bula\u015f\u0131k makinas\u0131, \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131r makinas\u0131, diki\u015f makinas\u0131, vb) ve yat\u0131r\u0131m mal\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lan makinalar (t\u00fcrbinler, pompalar, santrif\u00fcjler, yang\u0131n s\u00f6nd\u00fcrme cihazlar\u0131, asans\u00f6rler, konvay\u00f6rler vb) iki alt-gruba ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Makinalarda kullan\u0131lan “ana par\u00e7a\/aksam” motorlar, t\u00fcrbinler ve \u00f6zel makina aksamlar\u0131ndan, standart par\u00e7a yass\u0131 demir\/\u00e7elik, metal profil, boru, vida, somun, per\u00e7in, yay gibi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Makina hammaddesi olarak demir, \u00e7elik, bak\u0131r, \u00e7inko gibi metal hammadeler kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. “Makina” \u00fcretiminde, kara ta\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131 \u00fcretimde oldu\u011fu gibi, metal kesen ve metal \u015fekillendiren makinalar (tak\u0131m tezgahlar\u0131) kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Uluslararas\u0131 \u00fcretim zincirlerindeki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcm g\u00f6rsel analizi i\u00e7in animasyonlar kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu animasyonlarda \u00fclkeleri\/\u00fclke gruplar\u0131n\u0131 temsil eden balonlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, o \u00fclkenin\/\u00fclke grubunun d\u00fcnya ihracat\u0131 i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 ile orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dclkeler aras\u0131ndaki ticari ili\u015fkiler oklar ile g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir ve oklar\u0131n geni\u015fli\u011fi ihracat miktar\u0131 ile orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Grafiklerin daha rahat g\u00f6r\u00fclebilmesi amac\u0131yla 100 milyon dolar\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki ihracat ak\u0131mlar\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmemi\u015ftir. Di\u011fer \u00fclkelerden farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye ve ticari ili\u015fkileri k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 renkte g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Ticaret a\u011f\u0131 grafikleri haz\u0131rlan\u0131rken \u00fclkelerin d\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki konumlar\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dclkelerin birbirlerine olan uzakl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n daha ger\u00e7ekci g\u00f6r\u00fclebilmesi amac\u0131yla d\u00fcnyan\u0131n Kuzey Kutbu’ndan g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc esas al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki d\u00fcnya haritas\u0131nda ticaret a\u011flar\u0131 grafiklerinde \u00fclkelerin konumlar\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmektedir.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\n

Kara Ta\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131 \u00dcretim Zincirinde D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, 1994-2009<\/h2>\n

Nihai \u00dcr\u00fcn (Kara Ta\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131)<\/a>
\nAna Girdi (Motor)<\/a>
\nStandart Girdi (Par\u00e7a ve Aksam)<\/a>
\nHammadde (\u00c7elik Levha)<\/a>
\nMakina (Tak\u0131m Tezgahlar\u0131)<\/a><\/p>\n

Televizyon \u00dcretim Zincirinde D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, 1994-2009<\/h2>\n

Nihai \u00dcr\u00fcn (Radyo\/Televizyon)<\/a>
\nAna Girdi (Kator Resim T\u00fcp\u00fc-CRT)<\/a>
\nStandart Girdi (Elektronik Bile\u015fenler)<\/a>
\nHammadde (M\u00fchendislik Plastikleri)<\/a>
\nMakina (Enjeksiyon Makinalar\u0131)<\/a><\/p>\n

Tekstil ve Giyim E\u015fyas\u0131 \u00dcretim Zincirinde D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, 1994-2009<\/h2>\n

Nihai \u00dcr\u00fcn (Giyim E\u015fyas\u0131)<\/a>
\nAna Girdi (Kuma\u015f)<\/a>
\nStandart Girdi (\u0130plik)<\/a>
\nHammadde (Pamuk, Y\u00fcn, Sentetik, Keten, vb)<\/a>
\nMakina (Tekstil Makinalar\u0131)<\/a><\/p>\n

G\u0131da \u00dcr\u00fcnleri \u00dcretim Zincirinde D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, 1994-2009<\/h2>\n

Nihai \u00dcr\u00fcn (Haz\u0131r G\u0131da)<\/a>
\nGirdi (\u0130\u015flenmi\u015f G\u0131da)<\/a>
\nHammadde (G\u0131da Hammaddesi)<\/a>
\nMakina (G\u0131da Makinalar\u0131)<\/a><\/p>\n

Makina \u00dcretim Zincirinde D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, 1994-2009<\/h2>\n

Nihai \u00dcr\u00fcn (Dayan\u0131kl\u0131 T\u00fcketim Mallar\u0131 ve Sanayi Makinalar\u0131)<\/a>
\nAna Girdi (Motor, T\u00fcrbin, vb)<\/a>
\nStandart Girdi (Par\u00e7a ve Aksam)<\/a>
\nHammadde (Metal Boru, Levha, vb)<\/a>
\nMakina (Tak\u0131m Tezgahlar\u0131)<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

Raporun tam metnini buradan temin edebilirsiniz (5.4 MB):<\/p>\n

Taymaz, E., Voyvoda, E. ve Y\u0131lmaz, K. (2011), Uluslararas\u0131 \u00dcretim Zincirlerinde D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ve T\u00fcrkiye’nin Konumu<\/i><\/a>, \u0130stanbul, TUSIAD-Ko\u00e7 \u00dcniversitesi Ekonomik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Forumu.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

Uluslararas\u0131 \u00dcretim Zincirlerinde D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ve T\u00fcrkiye’nin Konumu
\nTan\u0131t\u0131m Toplant\u0131s\u0131 Sunu\u015flar\u0131<\/b>
\n(2 Mart 2012, Ko\u00e7 \u00dcniversitesi Anadolu Medeniyetleri M\u00fczesi)<\/small><\/p>\n

Rapor \u00d6zeti
\nErol Taymaz, Ebru Voyvoda ve Kamil Y\u0131lmaz<\/a><\/p>\n

Rapor \u00dczerinde De\u011ferlendirmeler
\n\u015eeref Sayg\u0131l\u0131<\/a>
\n\u0130zak Atiyas<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Erol Taymaz, Ebru Voyvoda ve Kamil Y\u0131lmaz T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisi 2001’de ya\u015fanan finansal krizden sonra h\u0131zl\u0131 bir b\u00fcy\u00fcme s\u00fcrecine girdi. 2002-2007 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen y\u00fcksek b\u00fcy\u00fcme h\u0131zlar\u0131, ekonominin uzun d\u00f6nemli s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir b\u00fcy\u00fcmesine ili\u015fkin tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da g\u00fcndeme getirdi. T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisinin uzun d\u00f6nemde h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcme h\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131 koruyabilmesi, i\u00e7inde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 ekonomi ile ili\u015fkilerine, bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle uluslararas\u0131 ekonomiye […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1276,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[11,12],"class_list":["post-62","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uluslararasi-ticaret","tag-deger-zincirleri","tag-uluslararasi-ticaret"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/etaymaz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/62","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/etaymaz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/etaymaz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/etaymaz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1276"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/etaymaz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=62"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/etaymaz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/62\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/etaymaz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=62"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/etaymaz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=62"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/etaymaz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=62"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}