\u0130\u00e7erik: Ge\u00e7mi\u015fe mazi derler; belgesi, kayd\u0131 kuydu falan varsa tarih derler.<\/p>\n
Fizik \u201315 \/ d\u2013<\/p>\n
\u2018\u0130nsan\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u2019 Fizik\u2019in konusu de\u011fildir hen\u00fcz; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc, insan\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn deney ve g\u00f6zlemlerini yapamad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z gibi, yapsak bile elde edilecek verinin nas\u0131l de\u011ferlendirilece\u011fini bilmiyoruz hen\u00fcz.
\nBenzerleriyle etkile\u015fmeyen noktasal bir k\u00fctleye etkiyen kuvvet alt\u0131nda nas\u0131l hareket edilecek oldu\u011funu biliyoruz ama \u2018benzerleriyle etkile\u015fmeyen noktasal bir k\u00fctle\u2019 bulam\u0131yoruz evrende. Dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile, \u2018benzerleriyle etkile\u015fmeyen noktasal bir k\u00fctle\u2019nin devinim denklemlerini elde etsek ve onlar\u0131n s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn tam anlam\u0131yla \u2018deterministik\u2019 oldu\u011funu bilsek bile, ancak \u015fu ya da bu denli yakla\u015f\u0131k sonu\u00e7lar elde edebiliyoruz.
\nDahas\u0131, elimizdeki Fizik yasalar\u0131, evrendeki olaylar\u0131n \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131na ili\u015fkin. Hani derler ya, \u2018okyanusta bir damla\u2019; o kadar. O kadar bile olmayabilir; evrendeki her olay\u0131 da alg\u0131layabiliyor, her olay\u0131n fark\u0131nda olabiliyor da de\u011filiz asl\u0131nda. Bu zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n en tipik g\u00f6stergelerinden biri bizatihi Fizik\u2019in geli\u015fim h\u0131z\u0131. Bak\u0131n\u0131z mesela, ilk Fizik yasalar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyan Ar\u015fimet \u2013bu yasalar statik olaylara ili\u015fkindi\u2013 ile ilk devinim yasalar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyan Galileo_Newton aras\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 1800 y\u0131l var. Ama, arada ba\u015fka Fizik yasas\u0131 yok. \u0130lgin\u00e7 de\u011fil mi; Newton g\u00fcnlerinde bile Fizik\u2019in ad\u0131 bile yoktu ortal\u0131kta?!
\n\u0130yi de, Ar\u015fimet ile Newton aras\u0131ndaki s\u00fcrede hi\u00e7 mi bulu\u015f yap\u0131lmad\u0131 Fizik\u2019le ili\u015fkili olan?
\nYap\u0131lmaz olur mu? Hi\u00e7 durmaz ki, bulu\u015flar; her an her konuyla ili\u015fkili bir bulu\u015f yap\u0131ladurur. \u00c7evresine \u015f\u00f6yle bir bakan herkes g\u00f6r\u00fcr ki, g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc her nesne bir s\u00fcre \u00f6ncesinin bulu\u015fudur. \u00d6te yandan, Ar\u015fimet\u2019in, yanl\u0131\u015f bir adland\u0131rmayla, \u2018Suyun Kald\u0131rma Kuvveti\u2019 diye bilinen yasas\u0131 bulunmazdan evvel de gemiler y\u00fcz\u00fcyor, \u2018Kald\u0131ra\u00e7 Yasas\u0131\u2019 bulunmaz evvel de kay\u0131k ve gemilerde k\u00fcrek kullan\u0131l\u0131yor, a\u011f\u0131r nesneler kald\u0131ra\u00e7 sayesinde kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yordu yukar\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, M\u0131s\u0131r piramitlerinin in\u015fas\u0131nda yayg\u0131nca kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.
\nGelgelelim, Fizik ne denli eksikli olursa olsun, Fizik\u2019siz yapamay\u0131z. Eksikli ve zay\u0131fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u015fimdiki hali ile bile neler ba\u015far\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tek tek saymak kimbilir ka\u00e7 sayfa doldurur.
\nElbette, insan geli\u015ftik\u00e7e Fizik de geli\u015fecektir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, insan anla\u011f\u0131, zaman i\u00e7inde de\u011fi\u015fen kuvvetlerin \u00f6nemini kavrad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Galileo denklemlerinden \u00e7ok daha yetkinlerine kavu\u015faca\u011f\u0131z. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, nesneler ile sebep-sonu\u00e7 ili\u015fkileri hakk\u0131nda daha geli\u015fmi\u015f bulgulara gereksinimimiz oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k. \u00d6rne\u011fin, herhangi bir sonucun sebebi de\u011fil sebepleri, sebeplerinin hepsi ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu da hi\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz, insan anla\u011f\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fkinli\u011fine yak\u0131ndan ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.
\n\u00d6rne\u011fin, bir futbol ma\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n sonucunun bir taneden \u00e7ok daha fazla m\u0131 sebebi oldu\u011fu, yoksa \u2013hadi diyelim en belirleyicisi olan\u2013 bir tek taneye mi indirgenebilece\u011finden emin de\u011filiz hen\u00fcz. Kald\u0131 ki, 90 dakikal\u0131k bir futbol ma\u00e7\u0131n\u0131 bile t\u00fcm incelikleriyle birlikte izlemekten, g\u00f6zlemekten mahrumuz hen\u00fcz.
\n\u00d6zetle, kaplam\u0131 olmayan noktasal par\u00e7ac\u0131klar, kaplam\u0131 olmayan iki noktasal par\u00e7ac\u0131k aras\u0131ndaki etkile\u015fimden kaynakl\u0131 devinimlere ili\u015fkin tek sebep tek sonu\u00e7 ba\u011flam\u0131ndaki bilgi da\u011farc\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda etkile\u015fmelerin nas\u0131l olu\u015ftu\u011funu bilmedi\u011fimiz gibi, noktasal par\u00e7ac\u0131klara ait k\u00fctlenin de ne oldu\u011funu bilmiyoruz. Bu etkile\u015fme ve devinim d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki her \u015feyin ayn\u0131 kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 varsay\u0131yoruz. \u0130\u015fte bu darac\u0131kl\u0131kta da Fizik\u2019i geli\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yoruz.
\nFutbol ma\u00e7lar\u0131 da eni konu birka\u00e7 y\u00fcz metre karelik bir alanc\u0131kta yap\u0131l\u0131yor, 22 ki\u015fi bir tek top pe\u015finde ko\u015fturuyor ve o topa her vuruldu\u011funda bir yeni devinim olu\u015fuyor. Ama, Futbol Fizik\u2019imiz yok hen\u00fcz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, futbol ma\u00e7\u0131nda tek sebep-tek sonu\u00e7 ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131yor. Topa vuruldukta, di\u011fer her \u015fey ayn\u0131 kalm\u0131yor. Daha pek \u00e7ok gerek\u00e7e de ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bu konuda.<\/p>\n
B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlardan sonra, bir de, 90 dakikadan \u00e7ok daha uzun s\u00fcreli olan tarih konusunda \u00e7ok daha umutsuz oldu\u011fumuz d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. Ama bu bir yan\u0131lg\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, yak\u0131n ileride haylice konu edece\u011fimiz gibi, Tarih\u2019in yasalar\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bu son c\u00fcmleyi yad\u0131rgam\u0131\u015f olanlar i\u00e7in Tarih\u2019in k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndan bir \u00f6rnek vermek uygun olabilir. Bilindi\u011fi gibi, enerjisi E frekans\u0131 da 1\/\u03c4 olan dalga i\u00e7in Einstein kuvantum ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 ile do\u011frusal momentumu P, dalga boyu da \u03bb olan dalga i\u00e7in De Broglie ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131labilir; E\u03c4=P\u03bb=h (=Planck Sabiti). Bunun gibi, \u015fu anki da\u011f\u0131l\u0131mda t\u00fcm \u00fclkeler genelinde n\u00fcfusu N kadar (N ile \u0394N aras\u0131nda) olan kent, kasaba gibi yerle\u015fke say\u0131s\u0131 n ise, \u015fu ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131 empirik olarak saptanm\u0131\u015f durumdad\u0131r; Nn=1. Yani, n\u00fcfusu N kadar olan n kadar yerle\u015fke varsa, n\u00fcfusu N\u2019 kadar olan n\u2019=(N\/N\u2019)n kadar yerle\u015fke vard\u0131r.
\n\u0130\u015fitir gibiyim; \u2018\u0130yi de, bir \u00fcst paragraftaki Pareto_Zipf yasas\u0131 (*) Tarih\u2019e de\u011fil, \u015fimdiki zamana ve demografiye ait.\u2019
\n\u00d6yle olsa bile, ayn\u0131 da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m ge\u00e7mi\u015f zaman i\u00e7inde olu\u015fmad\u0131 m\u0131? Ayr\u0131ca, ge\u00e7mi\u015f zamanda yani D\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusu bug\u00fcnk\u00fcne k\u0131yasla \u00e7ok daha az oldu\u011fu zamanlarda yerle\u015fke n\u00fcfusu ve say\u0131s\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki acep ayn\u0131 m\u0131 idi? (**)
\nTarih\u2019in daha az itiraz edilebilir ve hatta hi\u00e7 itiraz edilemeyecek olan yasalar\u0131ndan da s\u00f6z edece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n
(*) https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?q=Pareto_Zipf+yasas%C4%B1<\/p>\n
(**) i) arXiv:0802.4064 A theoretical approach for Pareto-Zipf law Authors: Caglar Tuncay
\nAbstract: We suggest an analytical approach for Pareto-Zipf law, where we assume random multiplicative noise and fragmentation processes for the growth of the number of citizens of each city and the number of the cities, respectively.<\/p>\n
ii) arXiv:0710.2023, Model of World; her cities, languages and countries Authors: Caglar Tuncay
\nAbstract: The time evolution of Earth with her cities, languages and countries is considered in terms of the multiplicative noise and the fragmentation- processes, where the related families, size distributions, lifetimes, bilinguals, etc. are studied. Earlier we treated the cities and the languages differently (and as connected; languages split since cities split, etc.). Hence, two dis- tributions are ob\u2026 \u25bd More<\/p>\n
iii) https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/00222500212987 The nonlinear and scaled growth of the ottoman and Roman empires, G\u00fcng\u00f6r G\u00fcnd\u00fcz.<\/p>\n
In this work, mathematical models for the growth of the Ottoman and Roman Empires are found. The time interval considered for both cases covers the time from the birth of the empire to the end of the fast expansion period. These empires are assumed to be nonlinearly growing and self-multiplying systems. This approach utilizes the concepts of chaos theory, and scaling. The area governed by the empire is taken as the measure of its growth. It was found that the expansion of each empire on lands, seas, and on both (i.e., lands+seas) can be expressed by power laws. In the Ottoman Empire, the nonlinear growth power of total area is approximately equal to the golden ratio, and the nonlinear growth power of the expansion on lands is approximately equal to the square root of 2. In the case of the Romans, some numbers associated with the golden ratio, or the square root of 2, appear as the power of the nonlinear growth term. The appearance of both the golden ratio and the square root of 2 show that both empires had intention on achieving stability during their growth.<\/p>\n
Yukar\u0131daki makalelerdeki referanslara da bak\u0131labilir, https:\/\/arxiv.org\/ arama motorundan da yararlan\u0131labilir, https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/ arama motorundan da.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u0130\u00e7erik: Ge\u00e7mi\u015fe mazi derler; belgesi, kayd\u0131 kuydu falan varsa tarih derler. Fizik \u201315 \/ d\u2013 \u2018\u0130nsan\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u2019 Fizik\u2019in konusu de\u011fildir hen\u00fcz; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc, insan\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn deney ve g\u00f6zlemlerini yapamad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z gibi, yapsak bile elde edilecek verinin nas\u0131l de\u011ferlendirilece\u011fini bilmiyoruz hen\u00fcz. Benzerleriyle etkile\u015fmeyen noktasal bir k\u00fctleye etkiyen kuvvet alt\u0131nda nas\u0131l hareket edilecek oldu\u011funu biliyoruz ama \u2018benzerleriyle etkile\u015fmeyen noktasal […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1425,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-501","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-genel"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/caglart\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/501","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/caglart\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/caglart\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/caglart\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1425"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/caglart\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=501"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/caglart\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/501\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/caglart\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=501"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/caglart\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=501"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/caglart\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=501"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}