{"id":462,"date":"2024-12-27T23:06:11","date_gmt":"2024-12-27T20:06:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/caglart\/?p=462"},"modified":"2024-12-27T23:18:40","modified_gmt":"2024-12-27T20:18:40","slug":"tavuk-yumurta-kelebek","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/caglart\/2024\/12\/27\/tavuk-yumurta-kelebek\/","title":{"rendered":"Tavuk, yumurta, kelebek"},"content":{"rendered":"

Fizik \u201313\u2013<\/p>\n

\u0130\u00e7erik: Bildiklerimiz, Bil_E_mediklerimiz<\/p>\n

\u2018Tavuk mu yumurtadan \u00e7\u0131kar, yumurta m\u0131 tavuktan?\u2019 sorusuna hemen herkes a\u015finad\u0131r san\u0131r\u0131m; yani Yery\u00fcz\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerinde. Yan\u0131t\u0131 da kolay bulunur cinstendir; \u201cYumurtadan tavuk \u00e7\u0131kmaz. Civciv \u00e7\u0131kar.\u201d O da sonras\u0131nda ya tavuk olur ya da horoz.
\nL\u00e2kin bu yukar\u0131daki, ilgili sorunun hayli suland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f h\u00e2lidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ilgili soru \u015fudur: \u2018Hangisi \u00f6nce tezah\u00fcr etti? Tavuk mu (sonradan ilk tavuk yumurtas\u0131n\u0131 yumurtlad\u0131) yoksa tavuk yumurtas\u0131 m\u0131 (sonradan i\u00e7inden ilk civciv \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131)?\u2019
\n\u0130\u015fte bu son sorunun bi\u00e7imi de, yan\u0131t\u0131 da itikata ba\u011f\u0131ld\u0131r. Evrim yanl\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u2018Evrimle\u015ferek tavuk mu yumurtadan \u00f6nce ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131?\u2019 \u015feklinde sorulabilir. Yarad\u0131l\u0131\u015f (Genesis) (*) yanl\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in ise, \u2018Tanr\u0131 \u00f6nce yumurtay\u0131 m\u0131 yaratt\u0131 ondan tavuk \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131; yoksa tavu\u011fu mu yaratt\u0131 da bu ilk tavuk ilk tavuk yumurtas\u0131n\u0131 yumurtlad\u0131?\u2019
\nHeyhat! Ne Bioloji\u2019nin ne de Teoloji\u2019in bu konuda (bu sat\u0131rlar\u0131n na\u00e7iz yazan\u0131n bilgisine g\u00f6re) hi\u00e7bir yan\u0131t\u0131 yoktur. Yani, \u2018\u0130lk olarak tavuk mu yumurtadan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, yumurta m\u0131 tavuktan?\u2019 sorusunun yan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 bilmiyoruz. Dahas\u0131, bil_E_miyoruz. \u0130leride \u00f6\u011frenir miyiz? Bunu da bil_E_miyoruz. Hadi, \u00f6\u011frendik! Ama en basiti, yumurtlay\u0131\u015f yoluyla \u00fcreyen, ne \u00e7ok t\u00fcr var geride. Onlar\u0131n ilklerini de bil_E_bilir miyiz acaba?
\nAsl\u0131nda, bilgisizli\u011fimizi yahut gayet s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olan bilgi da\u011farc\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 \u00f6rneklemek i\u00e7in o denli uza\u011fa da gitmeye gerek yok. Kendimize bakal\u0131m. S\u00fcrekli nefes al\u0131p veri\u015fimiz nas\u0131l sa\u011flan\u0131yor acaba? Kalp at\u0131\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z nas\u0131l d\u00fczenleniyor? A\u011fz\u0131m\u0131zdan girenlerin \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fine ra\u011fmen d\u0131\u015fk\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z ni\u00e7in hep ayn\u0131? Yiyecekleri, i\u00e7ecekleri nas\u0131l oluyor da, adeta kuyumcu terazisi hassal\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rabiliyoruz ve g\u00f6vdemizin de\u011fi\u015fik yerlerine \u2018adrese teslim\u2019 bi\u00e7imde yolluyoruz? Nas\u0131l oluyor da hem s\u0131ca\u011f\u0131 so\u011futmak hem de so\u011fu\u011fu \u0131s\u0131tmak i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 havay\u0131 ayn\u0131 a\u011f\u0131zdan \u00fcfleyebiliyoruz? Peki bunlar\u0131n hangisinin fark\u0131nday\u0131z? G\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fczden, kula\u011f\u0131m\u0131zdan giren elektromanyetik, mekanik; \u0131\u015f\u0131k, ses dalgalar\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l oluyor da elektrokimyasal sinyallere \u00e7evir_E_biliyoruz? Hadi daha ileri gitmeden, \u2018H\u00fccrelerimizin zarlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ge\u00e7i\u015fkenlik ve yine \u00f6rne\u011fin h\u00fccrelerimizin amitoz b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fc nas\u0131l denetleniyor da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyor? Al\u0131n bir tane daha! Atomlar(\u0131m\u0131z)da elektronlar d\u00f6n\u00fcyor mu yoksa bulut halindeler mi? Sahi, elektron nedir? Birbirini nas\u0131l oluyor da itiyorlar?
\nZaten \u03c0 say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n, karek\u00f6k ikinin; s\u0131f\u0131r, otuz ve doksan dereceler hari\u00e7 hi\u00e7bir a\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n trigonometrik sin\u00fcs de\u011ferini bilmiyoruz. Kaptaki suyun s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bir elektronun hem konumunu hem do\u011frusal momentumunu ayn\u0131 anda tam olarak \u00f6l\u00e7emiyoruz.
\n\u0130tikata ba\u011f\u0131l; Hz. Adem gibi veya en eski atalar\u0131m\u0131z gibi ate\u015f yak\u0131yor, onlar gibi giyiniyoruz. V\u00fccut k\u0131llar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 kesmekte kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ara\u00e7lara \u2018tra\u015f b\u0131\u00e7a\u011f\u0131\u2019, t\u0131rnaklar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 keserken kulland\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131za da \u2018t\u0131rnak makas\u0131\u2019 diyoruz; b\u0131\u00e7ak ve iki b\u0131\u00e7aktan olu\u015fma makas insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilk bulu\u015flar\u0131ndanken \u00fcstelik. Yaz\u0131dan bile binlerce y\u0131l \u00f6nce bulunmu\u015flarken hem de.
\nYani?
\nYanisi \u015fu! \u0130nsanl\u0131k, b\u0131rak\u0131n yeti\u015fkin olmay\u0131, hen\u00fcz emeklemeye bile ba\u015fla_YA_mam\u0131\u015f olabilir. Baksan\u0131za, Fizik\u2019in tan\u0131m\u0131 var m\u0131? L\u00fctfen a\u00e7\u0131n bak\u0131n ansiklopedilere, kitaplara, makalelere, internet arama motorlar\u0131nda bak\u0131n! Yaz\u0131lanlar nedeniyle g\u00fclesiniz gelir, cehaletimiz i\u00e7in a\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z yerde.
\nBak\u0131n bakal\u0131m Bilim ne imi\u015f? Bilim olmayan ne imi\u015f? Co\u011frafya bilim mi imi\u015f? Astronomi bilim mi imi\u015f?
\nGe\u00e7enlerde konu\u015ftu idik; \u2018Bilim \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmle elde edilmi\u015f niceliklere dayan\u0131r. \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcmle elde edilmi\u015f niceliklere dayanmayan Felsefe gibi bilgi dizgeleri Bilim de\u011fildir.\u2019 diye. Gel g\u00f6r ki, Bilim\u2019in ilk gereksinimleri olan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri hatas\u0131z da yapam\u0131yoruz.
\nDahas\u0131, Viyana \u00c7evresi\u2019nin (**) ilk kez sordu\u011fu gibi, \u2018Herhangi bir tabiat yasas\u0131n\u0131 ka\u00e7 tane deney yaparsak do\u011frulam\u0131\u015f oluruz?\u2019 Bilim, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcme yani g\u00f6zlem ve deneye dayanacak oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re ka\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm veya g\u00f6zlem veya deney sonucu bilimsel nitelikte veri elde edece\u011fimizi de bil_E_miyoruz.
\n\u0130\u015fte b\u00fct\u00fcn bu k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131l\u0131klar alt\u0131nda \u00fcretebildi\u011fimiz Bilim i\u00e7in, \u2018Ni\u00e7in ve neden sorular\u0131na yan\u0131t aramaz Bilim, ancak ne kadar ve biraz da nas\u0131l sorusuna yan\u0131t sunar.\u2019 denmez mi? Denir!
\nZaten bak\u0131n\u0131z, \u015fu iki s\u00f6zc\u00fck de ne denli \u015faibelidir asl\u0131nda; neden, ni\u00e7in. \u0130lk s\u00f6zc\u00fck \u201cNe\u2019den \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc?\u201d anlam\u0131nd\u0131r. Yayg\u0131nca ve s\u0131kl\u0131kla kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, yuvarlan\u0131p o h\u00e2le b\u00fcr\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u0130kincisi de \u201cNe i\u00e7in?\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerinin yuvarlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130lki, olgunun \u00f6ncesine yani kayna\u011f\u0131na ikincisi de sonras\u0131na yani hedefine y\u00f6neliktir ve bu durumda a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r ki, ikisi de \u0130ngilizce\u2019deki \u2018reason\u2019 ve Arap\u00e7a\u2019daki \u2018sebeb\u2019 (sebep) (***) s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerinin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fildir.
\nAyn\u0131 gerek\u00e7e ile, bundan sonra sebep ve sonu\u00e7 s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerini, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Fizik\u2019in ana dili say\u0131lan \u0130ngilizce\u2019deki \u2018reason\u2019 ve \u2018result\u2019 s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerinin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak kullanmay\u0131 ye\u011fleyece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n

\u2018Anastas mum satsana.\u2019 c\u00fcmlesini T\u00fcrk\u00e7e bilen hemen herkes hen\u00fcz \u00e7ocukken \u00f6\u011frenir. Latince\u2019de bir benze\u015fi vard\u0131r; \u2018Gecenin i\u00e7inde d\u00f6n\u00fcyoruz, ate\u015f bizi yutuyor.\u2019 anlam\u0131na gelen \u2018In girum imus nocte et consumimur igni.\u2019
\n\u2018Di\u011fer t\u00fcm durumlar sabitken.\u2019 anlam\u0131na gelen \u2018Ceteris paribus\u2019 deyi\u015fi ise, daha yayg\u0131nd\u0131r; elbette \u2018Veni vidi vici!\u2019 deyi\u015fi kadar yayg\u0131n olmasa da.
\n\u2018Ceteris paribus\u2019 deyi\u015fini ekonomistler pek sever. (****) \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc i\u015flerine pek yarar bu deyi\u015f. Tahminleri tutarsa, ne ala! Yok, tutmaz ise, \u201c\u2014Zaten di\u011fer t\u00fcm durumlar\u0131 sabit var saym\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. Ama sabit kalmad\u0131.\u201d falan demelerine beis olmaz.
\n\u015eu g\u00f6k kubbe alt\u0131nda sabit kalan, de\u011fi\u015fmez kalan ne var ki? Bu nedenle \u2018sabit\u2019, \u2018de\u011fi\u015fmez\u2019 gibi s\u00f6zc\u00fckler \u03c0-say\u0131s\u0131 gibi, ikinin karek\u00f6k\u00fc gibi, otuz bir derecenin sin\u00fcs\u00fc gibi \u015fu g\u00f6k kubbe alt\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmayan t\u00fcm\u00fcyle hayal \u00fcr\u00fcnlerindendir.
\nBir yandan da \u2018Ceteris paribus\u2019 deyi\u015fi \u03c0-say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7, \u00fc\u00e7 virg\u00fcl onda bir ya da \u00fc\u00e7 virg\u00fcl y\u00fczde on d\u00f6rt almaya cevaz verdi\u011fi i\u00e7in severek kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Yan etkisi, ayr\u0131nt\u0131da farkl\u0131 pek \u00e7ok nesneyi ayn\u0131 zannetmektir; \u00f6rne\u011fin, matematiksel fonksiyonlar\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Burada a_0=b_0 al\u0131p ard\u0131ndan da \u201c\u2014Ceteris paribus!\u201d demek aldatmaca, hile hurda de\u011fil midir? Hatta, a_0=b_0, a_1=b_1, a_2=b_2 olsa da ne de\u011fi\u015fir, ne kadar de\u011fi\u015fir?
\nBu \u00fcst\u00fcnde konu\u015ftu\u011fumuz konu, asl\u0131 esas\u0131nda ve do\u011frudan do\u011fruya zihinsel k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n i\u015fareti, g\u00f6stergesi ve kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle itiraz g\u00f6rmez pek; tersine, yayg\u0131nca ve pe\u015finen kabul g\u00f6r\u00fcr. \u2018\u00c7oklu durumlar\u0131 bulgulaya_B\u0130L_mekten, de\u011ferlendire_B\u0130L_mekten ve dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile kullana_B\u0130L_mekten aciz olu\u015fumuz nedeniyle bo\u015f bo\u015f otura kalmaktan daha evlad\u0131r bulgulaya_B\u0130L_di\u011fimiz, de\u011ferlendire_B\u0130L_di\u011fimiz ve dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile kullana_B\u0130L_di\u011fimiz etmenlerle i\u015f g\u00f6rmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak.
\n\u00c7er\u00e7eveyi biraz daha daraltal\u0131m. \u00c7ok yayg\u0131nca, \u2018Her olay\u0131n, olgunun bir sebebi vard\u0131r.\u2019 diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrs\u00fcn\u00fcz. De\u011fil mi? E\u011fer \u201c\u2014Evet!\u201d dedi iseniz, bir kez daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmenizi \u00f6neririm. O arada, \u015fu alttaki sat\u0131rlara kat\u0131l\u0131r m\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z acaba?
\nNeden_Sonu\u00e7 ili\u015fkisi do\u011frudan do\u011fruya \u2018p ise q\u2019 mant\u0131k \u00f6nermesindeki gibi, bire bir ili\u015fki san\u0131l\u0131r. Acaba, tam b\u00f6yle midir? \u00d6rne\u011fin, sizin do\u011fu\u015funuzun sebebi nedir? Efendim? \u00c7abucak yan\u0131t veremediniz mi? Peki, herhangi bir futbol ma\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n \u015fu ya da bu sonu\u00e7la bitmesinin sebebi nedir? Sahan\u0131n bozuk ya da d\u00fczg\u00fcn olu\u015fu mu? Hakemin tarafgir olmas\u0131, yanl\u0131\u015f d\u00fcd\u00fck \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131 ya da son derece ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 kararlar vermi\u015f olmas\u0131 m\u0131? Teknik direkt\u00f6rlerin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 m\u0131, ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u0131?
\nFikrim \u015fudur ki, zihinsel s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z nedeniyle herhangi bir olgu \u00fcst\u00fcndeki etmenleri etki a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 ile bulgulayabilmekten aciziz. Bu nedenle, pek \u00e7ok etmeni g\u00f6remiyoruz ve akl\u0131m\u0131z bir iki etmeni kavrayabilecek d\u00fczeyde ancak oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in de, her olay\u0131, her olguyu, her sonucu bir tek sebebe ba\u011fl\u0131yoruz.
\nYine ayn\u0131 yetersizlikle, yani Sebep_Sonu\u00e7 ili\u015fkilerini tam olarak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleyemedi\u011fimiz pek \u00e7ok durum i\u00e7in \u2018\u015eeytan ald\u0131 g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc!\u2019, \u2018Bir kelebe\u011fin kanat \u00e7\u0131rpmas\u0131, D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 dola\u015fabilecek bir kas\u0131rgan\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131na neden olabilir.\u2019 (#), \u2018kara ku\u011fu\u2019 ve benzeri daha pek \u00e7ok sa\u00e7mal\u0131\u011f\u0131n gizleyici pelerini alt\u0131na s\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131yoruz.
\n\u0130\u015fte, Sebep_Sonu\u00e7 ba\u011flam\u0131ndaki bu yetersizli\u011fimiz tam\u0131 tam\u0131na demokrasinin, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin ve fikir \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn de temelinde yatar. Bir birimize ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcyle yakla\u015fmam\u0131z gereklili\u011fin de temelidir. Bilim \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tam\u0131 tam\u0131na budur.<\/p>\n

(*) Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f ve Yarad\u0131l\u0131\u015f ayr\u0131 anlamlara sahip s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerdir.
\n(**) https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Viyana_%C3%87evresi
\nhttps:\/\/www.jstor.org\/action\/doBasicSearch?Query=Vienna+Circle&so=rel
\nhttps:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/search\/searcher.py?query=Vienna+Circle
\n(***) https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/arama\/?q=sebep&p=m
\n(****) https:\/\/www.mahfiegilmez.com\/p\/ekonomi-sozlugu.html
\n(#) https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kelebek_etkisi<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Fizik \u201313\u2013 \u0130\u00e7erik: Bildiklerimiz, Bil_E_mediklerimiz \u2018Tavuk mu yumurtadan \u00e7\u0131kar, yumurta m\u0131 tavuktan?\u2019 sorusuna hemen herkes a\u015finad\u0131r san\u0131r\u0131m; yani Yery\u00fcz\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerinde. Yan\u0131t\u0131 da kolay bulunur cinstendir; \u201cYumurtadan tavuk \u00e7\u0131kmaz. Civciv \u00e7\u0131kar.\u201d O da sonras\u0131nda ya tavuk olur ya da horoz. L\u00e2kin bu yukar\u0131daki, ilgili sorunun hayli suland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f h\u00e2lidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ilgili soru \u015fudur: \u2018Hangisi \u00f6nce tezah\u00fcr […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1425,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-462","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-genel"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/caglart\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/462","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/caglart\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/caglart\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/caglart\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1425"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/caglart\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=462"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/caglart\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/462\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/caglart\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=462"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/caglart\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=462"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/caglart\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=462"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}