{"id":1511,"date":"2026-04-11T19:04:32","date_gmt":"2026-04-11T16:04:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/caglart\/?p=1511"},"modified":"2026-04-11T20:33:53","modified_gmt":"2026-04-11T17:33:53","slug":"qed-qcd","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/caglart\/2026\/04\/11\/qed-qcd\/","title":{"rendered":"QED + QCD = ?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hidrojen gaz\u0131n\u0131n en hafif atomlardan olu\u015ftu\u011fu bulunmu\u015ftu, di\u011fer \u00f6zellikleri ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yordu. Is\u0131t\u0131lan demir gibi baz\u0131 kat\u0131lar\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011fi, Hidrojen gaz\u0131 da \u00e7ok \u0131s\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u0131\u015f\u0131r m\u0131yd\u0131 acaba?
\nEvet, \u0131\u015f\u0131yordu! Ama tuhaf olan, sald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131k her frekanstaki elektromanyetik dalgalar\u0131 de\u011fil, sadece ayr\u0131k frekanslara (dalgaboyuna) sahip \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 i\u00e7eriyordu (\u2018spectrum’, tayf). Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, sadece bu frekanstaki \u0131\u015f\u0131k dalgalar\u0131n\u0131 emiyor, so\u011furuyordu? Ni\u00e7in acaba?
\n\u00d6zellikle Theodore Lyman, Johann Balmer, Friedrich Paschen, Frederick Sumner Brackett, August Herman Pfund ve Curtis Humphreys\u2019in deneysel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 sonucunda pek \u00e7ok basamakl\u0131 frekans (dalgaboyu) serileri ke\u015ffedilmi\u015f oldu. Bu basamakl\u0131 yap\u0131 da 1888 y\u0131l\u0131nda Johannes Rydberg taraf\u0131ndan \u015fu form\u00fclle matematikselle\u015ftirildi. (#1)
\n\"\"<\/a>
\nHemen \u00fcstteki form\u00fclde \u03bb (metre cinsinden) dalgaboyudur ve \u03bb = c\/f form\u00fcl\u00fcnden ilgili frekans (f) hesaplanabilir.
\nMax Planck, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Shroedinger ve Niels Bohr gibi pek \u00e7ok fizik\u00e7inin katk\u0131lar\u0131yla Dalga Mekani\u011fi diye de bilinen Kuvantum Mekani\u011fi (#2) kurulup geli\u015ftirilince, hem Rydberg Form\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn Hidrojen atomundaki elektronun (#3) enerji d\u00fczeylerini verdi\u011fi ke\u015ffedildi hem de Rydberg Sabiti c (\u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131), h (Planck sabiti), e (elektron y\u00fck\u00fc) gibi temel sabitler cinsinden ifade edilebildi. (#4) \u0130lgili Pozitif Tam Say\u0131lar da Temel (\u2018basic\u2019, \u2018fundamental\u2019, \u2018principal\u2019) Kuvantum Say\u0131lar\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.
\nGel zaman git zaman, Kuvantum Mekani\u011fi geli\u015ftik\u00e7e yeni kuvantum say\u0131lar\u0131 da sahneye \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. (#5) Demeye kalmadan, atom i\u00e7indeki elektronun tanecikten ziyade dalga gibi davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu da fizikte yeni bir krize yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Elektron tanecik de\u011filse nas\u0131l oluyordu da A\u00e7\u0131sal Momentum\u2019a sahip olabiliyordu? Daha da vahimi, ancak kendi ekseni \u00e7evresinde d\u00f6nen oylumlu yani \u00fc\u00e7 boyutlu k\u00fctleli nesnelerin sahip olabilece\u011fi Spin de\u011ferine sahip olabiliyordu?
\nBu konunun en cilveli yan\u0131 da \u015fuydu: Hemen yukar\u0131da s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen sorular\u0131n yan\u0131tlar\u0131 bilinmeden de ilgili Kuvantum Say\u0131lar\u0131 kullan\u0131larak yap\u0131lan hesaplamalar ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcler, deneyle gayet b\u00fcy\u00fck uyum i\u00e7indeki sonu\u00e7lar veriyordu.
\nGelgelelim, Kuantum Elektro Dinami\u011fi (QED) ve Kuantum Renk Dinami\u011fi (Quantum Chromo Dynamics, QCD) (#6) icat edildikten sonra gayet tuhaf isimli Kuvantum Say\u0131lar\u0131 ortaya sa\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.
\nEn kolay\u0131ndan; her \u015fey alan (\u2018field\u2019) denen bir ortamda oluyordu ama isim babas\u0131 Michael Faraday\u2019dan bu yana a\u00e7\u0131k se\u00e7ik, berrak ve tam olarak tan\u0131mlanabilmi\u015f de\u011fildir. QED\u2019de, i\u015fin i\u00e7ine, bir de ger\u00e7ekte etkili olan, as\u0131l ve sanal s\u00f6zc\u00fckleriye terc\u00fcme edebilece\u011fimiz \u2018virtual\u2019 fotonlar kar\u0131\u015f_TIR_\u0131l\u0131r. QED\u2019de de Renk Y\u00fckleri (\u2018Colour Charges\u2019) vard\u0131r. Atom \u00e7ekirde\u011findeki kuarklar\u0131 birbirine Gluonlar ba\u011flar. Dikkate \u015fayand\u0131r, \u2018gluon\u2019 \u0130ngilizce\u2019deki \u2018glue\u2019 zamk, tutkal anlam\u0131ndaki s\u00f6zc\u00fckten t\u00fcretilmi\u015ftir.
\nPeki, nedir bunlar?
\nBilen yok!
\nE, \u015fu h\u00e2lde ni\u00e7in kullan\u0131rlar? Yahut, e\u015fde\u011ferlisi say\u0131labilecek \u015fu soruya ne dersiniz? Onlar\u0131 kullanmak mutlak zorunluluk mudur?
\nPekii, hemen \u00fcst sat\u0131rdaki sorularla ilgilenen, onlar\u0131 umursayan fizik\u00e7i var m\u0131d\u0131r? Olmayabilir.
\n\u00d6te yandan denebilir ki, b\u00f6ylesi sa\u00e7ma sapan gerek\u00e7elere dayal\u0131 fizik kuramlar\u0131 da sa\u00e7ma sapan olsa gerektir.
\nDense de, hemen hi\u00e7bir \u015fey de\u011fi\u015fmez. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, an\u0131msayal\u0131m, D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n yuvarlak oldu\u011fu ve hem kendi ekseni \u00e7evresinde hem de G\u00fcne\u015f \u00e7evresinde d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc fikri de i\u015fin ba\u015f\u0131nda sa\u00e7ma sapan g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f miydi? \u201c\u2014 D\u00fcnya yuvarlak olsa alttakiler d\u00fc\u015fer!\u201d denmemi\u015f miydi? \u201c\u2014D\u00fcnya kendi ve G\u00fcne\u015f \u00e7evresinde d\u00f6n\u00fcyor olsa, her \u015fey savrulup bo\u015flu\u011fa sa\u00e7\u0131lmaz m\u0131?\u201d diye itiraz edilmemi\u015f miydi?
\n\u015eimdi ben bir soru koyay\u0131m ortaya: Hemen herkesin bildi\u011fi ve internetten falan kolayca eri\u015filebilecek yukar\u0131daki bilgiyi ni\u00e7in oraya koydum acaba?
\nUnutmadan, yeni olaylar\u0131 anlamakta ve anlatmakta dara d\u00fc\u015fen fizik\u00e7ilerin pek sevdi\u011fi i\u015flerdendir, yepyeni kavram(lar) ileri s\u00fcrmek ve kuramlar\u0131n\u0131 bu yeni kavram(lar)a dayand\u0131rmak.
\nFizikteki bu kavramlar\u0131n foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil elbette. Ama bir sonraki yaz\u0131m\u0131z sadece benzer foto\u011fraflara ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O fotolara g\u00f6z gezdirirken \u015funu ak\u0131ldan uzak tutmamal\u0131; nas\u0131l ki, mutfakta o b\u0131\u00e7akla et kesilirken \u015fu b\u0131\u00e7akla maydanoz do\u011fran\u0131yor, nas\u0131l ki, at\u00f6lyede falanca in\u00e7lik kurba\u011fac\u0131k \u0130ngiliz Anahtar\u0131 ile \u015fu somun s\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcrken filanca in\u00e7lik kurba\u011fac\u0131k \u0130ngiliz Anahtar\u0131 bu somunu s\u00f6kmekte kullan\u0131l\u0131yor; nas\u0131l ki, kaportac\u0131 da \u015fu numara bijon anahtar\u0131 otomobil i\u00e7in ama bu maral\u0131 bijon anahtar\u0131 da kamyon jantlar\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. Bkz., https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/caglart\/2026\/04\/11\/ivir-zivir\/
\n\u0130\u015fte ayn\u0131s\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za: Fizikte \u015fu kavram i\u015fe yaramazsa bu kavram kullan\u0131l\u0131yor; olmazsa yepyeni bir ba\u015fka kavram ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyor.
\nFizik\u00e7inin her yere z\u0131rt p\u0131rt (!) soku\u015fturdu\u011fu bir kavram da sonsuz, \u221e. \u00d6rne\u011fin Einstein\u2019\u0131n Is\u0131 S\u0131\u011fas\u0131 form\u00fcl\u00fc elde edilirken kat\u0131n\u0131n kuvantum enerji d\u00fczeyleri nhf olas\u0131l\u0131k da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 exponential(-nhf\/kT) olarak verilir ve toplam enerji bunlar\u0131n toplam\u0131 cinsinden tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. Sonra da T s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir birim, \u00f6rne\u011fin 1 derece Celcius yani e\u015fde\u011feri 1 Kelvin art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in gerek enerji de\u011feri Is\u0131 S\u0131\u011fas\u0131 (\u00d6zg\u00fcl Is\u0131 #7) olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. \u0130\u015fin e\u011flenceli yan\u0131 \u015furadad\u0131r; herhangi bir T s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki toplam enerjiyi hesaplay\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in n\u2192\u221e yap\u0131l\u0131r. Her \u015feyden \u00f6nce \u221e say\u0131 de\u011fildir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile n gibi say\u0131lar, say\u0131 olmayan bir \u015feye(!) nas\u0131l yak\u0131nsar? Tam bir muammad\u0131r, ama umursayan pek olmaz. \u2018Nema problema!\u2019 denir, ge\u00e7ilir. Ayr\u0131ca, Pozitif Tek Tam Say\u0131lar\u0131n limiti olan \u221e ile Pozitif \u00c7ift Tam Say\u0131lar\u0131n Limiti olan \u221e ayn\u0131 m\u0131d\u0131r?
\nBenzeri e\u011flenceli hata QED\u2019de de yap\u0131l\u0131r. QED\u2019de, elektron k\u00fctlesi iki tane \u221e fark\u0131 olarak al\u0131n\u0131r. (#8) Ama Hangi \u221e? (#9) \u0130lgili PDF dosyay\u0131 indirmek i\u00e7in l\u00fctfen t\u0131klay\u0131n \u21d2 Hangi Sonsuz<\/a><\/p>\n

(#1) Atomlar\u0131n sald\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya so\u011furdu\u011fu \u0131\u015f\u0131k hakk\u0131nda deneysel yoldan elde edilen bu sonu\u00e7lar Matris Mekani\u011fi ad\u0131 verilen bir bilim disiplinin do\u011fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bkz., https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?q=heisenberg+matris+mekani%C4%9Fi&rlz=1C1CHBF_enTR866TR866&oq=matris+mekani%C4%9Fi&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUqCggCEAAYExgWGB4yBggAEEUYOTIKCAEQABgTGBYYHjIKCAIQABgTGBYYHjIHCAMQABjvBTIHCAQQABjvBTIHCAUQABjvBTIKCAYQABiABBiiBDIHCAcQABjvBdIBCDk0MTZqMGo5qAIGsAIB8QVnkqirOEsx4w&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8<\/p>\n

(#2) \u2018Quantum\u2019 ve \u00e7o\u011fulu \u2018quanta\u2019 s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri ilk kez Max Planck taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6nerilip kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bkz., https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?q=kuantum+kelime+anlam%C4%B1+nedir&rlz=1C1CHBF_enTR866TR866&oq=kuantum+kelime+anlam%C4%B1+nedir&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIICAEQABgWGB4yBwgCEAAY7wUyCggDEAAYgAQYogQyCggEEAAYgAQYogQyBwgFEAAY7wUyCggGEAAYgAQYogTSAQgxODg5ajBqN6gCALACAA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8<\/p>\n

(#3) G\u00fcne\u015f \u00e7evresinde d\u00f6nen gezegenlerden esinlenerek Bohr\u2019un \u00f6nerdi\u011fi Gezegensel Model\u2019e dayal\u0131 olarak. Bu modelde Hidrojen elektronu, odaklar\u0131ndan birinde \u00e7ekirde\u011fin oldu\u011fu eliptik y\u00f6r\u00fcngeler izlemekteydi, t\u0131pk\u0131 Kepler Yasalar\u0131\u2019ndaki gibi. An\u0131msa(t)makta yarar var; K\u00fctle\u00e7ekim Kuvveti gibi Elektriksel \u00c7ekim (Coulomb) Kuvveti de aradaki mesafenin karesi ile azal\u0131r.<\/p>\n

(#4) https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rydberg_sabiti<\/p>\n

(#5) https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?q=kuvantum+say%C4%B1lar%C4%B1&rlz=1C1CHBF_enTR866TR866&oq=kuvantum+say%C4%B1lar%C4%B1&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIJCAEQABgNGIAEMgkIAhAAGA0YgAQyCAgDEAAYDRgeMggIBBAAGA0YHjIICAUQABgNGB4yCAgGEAAYDRgeMggIBxAAGA0YHjIICAgQABgNGB4yCAgJEAAYDRge0gEIMjMxNGowajeoAgCwAgA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8<\/p>\n

(#6) chrome-extension:\/\/efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj\/https:\/\/ndl.ethernet.edu.et\/bitstream\/123456789\/67133\/1\/19.pdf
\nchrome-extension:\/\/efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj\/https:\/\/cds.cern.ch\/record\/281332\/files\/9505231.pdf<\/p>\n

(#7) https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%96zg%C3%BCl_%C4%B1s%C4%B1<\/p>\n

(#8) Feynman’\u0131n teorisi, elektronun manyetik momenti gibi kuantum de\u011ferlerini deneysel g\u00f6zlemlerle neredeyse tam bir do\u011frulukla (10 milyarda bir hassasiyet) hesaplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u201cNew York ile Los Angeles aras\u0131ndaki mesafede bir sa\u00e7 teli kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar\u201d hata ile\u2026 Bkz., https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/<\/p>\n

Kuantum_renk_dinami%C4%9Fi#:~:text=Kuantum%20renk%20dinami%C4%9Fi%20veya%20kuantum,hadronlar%C4%B1%20olu%C5%9Fturan%2C%20temel%20par%C3%A7ac%C4%B1klar%C4%B1n%20teorisidir.&text=ayar%20kuram%C4%B1%20ile%20g%C3%B6sterilen%20%C3%B6zel%20bir%20kuantum%20alanlar%20kuram%C4%B1d%C4%B1r.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca bkz., https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quantum_electrodynamics\u2019den al\u0131nt\u0131: \u201cA first indication of a possible solution was given by Hans Bethe in 1947.[14][15] He made the first non-relativistic computation of the shift of the lines of the hydrogen atom as measured by Willis Lamb and Robert Retherford.[14] Despite limitations of the computation, agreement was excellent. The idea was simply to attach infinities to corrections of mass and charge that were actually fixed to a finite value by experiments. In this way, the infinities get absorbed in those constants and yield a finite result with good experimental agreement. This procedure was named renormalization.\u201d<\/p>\n

‘Renormalization’ i\u00e7in: https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?q=electron+mass+in+QED&rlz=1C1CHBF_enTR866TR866&oq=electron+mass+in+QED&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIKCAEQABiABBiiBDIKCAIQABiABBiiBDIKCAMQABiABBiiBNIBCDc1NThqMGo3qAIAsAIA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8<\/p>\n

‘electron mass in QED’ i\u00e7in: https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?q=electron+mass+in+QED&rlz=1C1CHBF_enTR866TR866&oq=electron+mass+in+QED&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIKCAEQABiABBiiBDIKCAIQABiABBiiBDIKCAMQABiABBiiBNIBCDc1NThqMGo3qAIAsAIA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8<\/p>\n

(#9) https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/caglart\/2024\/10\/06\/1-2-3-sonsuz\/<\/p>\n

SON NOT: Ek kaynak olarak https:\/\/arxiv.org\/ ve https:\/\/www.jstor.org yararl\u0131 olabilir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hidrojen gaz\u0131n\u0131n en hafif atomlardan olu\u015ftu\u011fu bulunmu\u015ftu, di\u011fer \u00f6zellikleri ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yordu. Is\u0131t\u0131lan demir gibi baz\u0131 kat\u0131lar\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011fi, Hidrojen gaz\u0131 da \u00e7ok \u0131s\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u0131\u015f\u0131r m\u0131yd\u0131 acaba? Evet, \u0131\u015f\u0131yordu! Ama tuhaf olan, sald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131k her frekanstaki elektromanyetik dalgalar\u0131 de\u011fil, sadece ayr\u0131k frekanslara (dalgaboyuna) sahip \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 i\u00e7eriyordu (\u2018spectrum’, tayf). Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, sadece bu frekanstaki \u0131\u015f\u0131k dalgalar\u0131n\u0131 emiyor, so\u011furuyordu? […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1425,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1511","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-genel"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/caglart\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1511","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/caglart\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/caglart\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/caglart\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1425"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/caglart\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1511"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/caglart\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1511\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/caglart\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1511"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/caglart\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1511"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.metu.edu.tr\/caglart\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1511"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}